![]() ![]() The newer grammar designed to teach foreigners follows the morphological analysis and groups the verbs into three classes, Group I (consonant-stem), Group II (vowel-stem), and Group III (irregular). (The names are in reference to a vertically written fifty-sound table where the five rows a, i, u, e, o becomes five columns and the "upper/lower monograde" refers to the column above or below the middle one, u). For e-stem verbs, that kana is on the e row, so the conjugation is called lower-monograde conjugation ( 下一段活用 shimo-ichidan katsuyō). For i-stem verbs, that kana is on the i row, so the conjugation is called upper-monograde conjugation ( 上一段活用 kami-ichidan katsuyō). It's easy to see that the "ending" begins with a kana that does not change (since it is from the true stem) and therefore stays on one row and one column ("grade") of the fifty-sound table. In conjugation the ru part is dropped or changed mainly to ensure the same set of particles or auxiliary verbs: oki-ru used to conjugate to oki-zu, oki-ki, oku(ru), oku-reba, etc.), the unchanging part was ok- and the same reason with consonant-stem verbs caused them to be segmented like o-kiru, even though the ki part never change in Modern Japanese. Since Japanese school grammar is designed for Classical Japanese, where most modern vowel-stem verbs such as oki-ru had alternation in the stem-final vowel (e.g. ![]() In the fifty-sound table ( 五十音図 gojūon-zu), the ending stays on the same row but can cover all five columns ("grades") in conjugation, so the conjugation of consonant-stem verbs are called five-grade conjugation ( 五段活用 godan katsuyō). It is easy to see that for any consonant-stem verb, the "ending" in Japanese school grammar is a kana whose consonant does not change (since it is from the true stem) and whose vowel can change to all five vowels in conjugation. ka k-anai, ka k-imasu, etc.) In addition, only that kana is regarded as the ending in conjugation the remaining part is considered as particles or auxiliary verbs. Due to the moraic kana script, a consonant-stem verb such as kak-u is segmented as ka-ku since other endings cause a change to the kana for the ku part (e.g. Japanese school grammar, however, uses a very different approach. ![]() The dictionary form of consonant-stem verbs is stem + -u, and of vowel-stem verbs stem + -ru. As the kana script is written without spaces, it represents morae as the smallest phonological unit, and due to differences between Classical Japanese and Modern Japanese, it is very different from the newer grammar designed to teach Japanese to foreign students ( 日本語 教育 文法 Nihongo kyōiku bunpō).Ĭonjugational classes: From a morphological view, regular verbs in Modern Japanese can be roughly classified into two conjugational classes, consonant-stem and vowel-stem. Japanese school grammar ( 学校 文法, gakkō bunpō) is based on an analysis of Classical Japanese texts written in the kana script. This section deals only with Japanese as written and spoken in the late 20th and 21st centuries.ĭifference between Japanese school grammar and modern linguistic analysis ![]()
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